Evaluation of Fruit Characters, Xanthones Content, and Antioxidant Properties of Various Qualities of Mangosteens (Garcinia mangostana L.)

Abstract. Xanthone in mangosteen fruit hull has antioxidant activities. The objective of this experiment was to determine xanthones content, physical and chemical characters, and antioxidant potentials of several groups of mangosteens qualities. The experiment was carried out from January 2008 to August 2008. The research used a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were four physical fruit conditions: large size mangosteens (# 100 g), small size mangosteens (min. 50 g), yellow sap dotted fruits, and scabbed fruit. The parameters being observed were physical and chemical characteristics, xanthone content, and radical scavenging activity of mangosteen fruit hull extract. The results demonstrated that the physical condition of fruit signifi cantly affected physical fruit hull characters and chemical fruit characters. Characters of fruit hull, thickness, fresh weight, and dry weight, differed among fruit qualities. The physical condition of fruit hull also signifi cantly infl uenced total soluble solid and vitamin C content, but did not affect total titrable acid and degree of acidity of the fruits. Fruit hulls of all groups of mangosteen qualities had similar antioxidant properties with the IC50 value of 5.57-6.11 ppm.

Keywords: benzophenone, scab, vitamin C, yellow sap

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Pengembangan Pepaya

Pengembangan Varietas Pepaya Baru dalam Rangka Peningkatan Dayasaing Produk Hortikultura Indonesia

Pepaya hasil penelitian Pusat Kajian Hortikultura Tropika (PKHT) IPB sejak tahun 2000 yaitu Varietas Arum Bogor, Prima Bogor, Carisya, Sukma dan Callina. Penelitian bertujuan menghasilkan varietas baru pepaya, mengembangkan standar operasi prosedur (SOP) budidaya varietas baru, memperoleh metode penyimpanan plasma nutfah/benih dalam waktu jangka panjang, dan proses penyediaan benih untuk persiapan diseminasi. Tahap kegiatan meliputi penyimpanan plasma nutfah/benih dalam jangka waktu yang panjang melalui kegiatan kultur jaringan, pembentukan pohon induk, pengujian kebenaran dan keunggulan varietas, pengembangan teknik budidaya dan produksi benihnya serta diseminasi benih. Tipe pepaya yang akan dihasilkan adalah tipe kecil, rasa manis dan memiliki daya simpan tinggi, sehingga memiliki nilai ekonomi yang tinggi.

 Eksplorasi dilakukan ke Pontianak Kalimantan Barat melalui BPTP Kalimantan Barat. Pepaya hasil eksplorasi di Pontianak dan sekitarnya menunjukan adanya variasi dalam bentuk, ukuran, warna daging buah, dan bentuk rongga buah.

Pepaya Caliso di Kebun Percobaan Pasir Kuda ditanam sejak tanggal 8 Oktober 2014, dengan jumlah populasi awal 72 tanaman, sedangkan di Kebun Percobaan Tajur populasi Caliso sebanyak 63 tanaman yang ditanam pada tanggal 8 September 2014. Benih pepaya Caliso berasal dari Pontianak Kalimantan Barat. Tinggi tanaman pada umur 8 bulan setelah tanam rata-rata mencapai 176.71 cm dan 143.27 cm, sedangkan jumlah buah pada tanaman hermaprodit untuk kedua kebun tidak berbeda. Karakter tanaman betina pun menunjukan karakter yang tidak jauh berbeda, hanya saja jumlah pepaya betina di Kebun Tajur lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan hermaprodit.

Keragaan tanaman betina (A), tanaman hermaprodit (B), daun (C), tangkai daun (D), batang (E), bunga betina (F), bunga hermaprodit (G), buah betina (H) dan buah hermaprodit (I).

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Papaya at Different Maturity Stages

Abstract. The objective of the experiment was to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of three stadia of maturity based on a range of peel color from green to yellow or based on percentage of the yellow area of fruit peel (stadium 1 = 25-49 % yellow, stadium 2 = 50-74 % yellow, and stadium 3 = above 75 % yellow) on six genotypes of papaya. Each genotype exhibited different days to maturity for each stadium. The fruits of stadium 1, 2 and 3 for IPB 1 were picked at 130, 135, and 140 days after anthesis (DAA); IPB 10A at 160, 165, and 170 DAA; IPB 1 x PB 174 at 135, 140 and 145 DAA; while PB 174, IPB 1 x IPB 10A and IPB 10A x PB 174 were picked at 140, 145 and 150 DAA, respectively. The results indicated that peel firmness was affected by maturity stage on female fruit of IPB 10A. Maturity stage affected chemical characteristics of papaya included total soluble solids (TSS) content (IPB 10A, female fruit of PB 174, female fruit of IPB 1 x IPB 10A, and female fruit of IPB 1 x PB 174), vitamin C content (hermaphrodite fruit of 10 A, female fruit of IPB 1 x IPB 10A) and juice pH (hermaphrodite fruit of IPB 1). IPB 1 genotype can be harvested at all stadia of maturity stage. Hermaphrodite and female fruit of IPB 10 A, female fruit of PB 174, female fruit of IPB 1 x IPB 10A and female fruit of IPB 1 x PB 174 genotype would be better harvested at stadium 3 of maturity stage.

Keywords: Carica papaya, papaya genotype, hermaphrodite fruit, female fruit, fruit quality, fruit maturity stage

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Response of Eggplant, Yard-Long Bean, and Kangkong on Polyethylene Mulched and Drip Irrigation System

Abstract. Eggplant, yard long bean, and kangkong, were grown with polyethylene mulch with a drip irrigation system on Podzolic soil with low pH (4.5), low C-Organic (0.97%), very low total-N (0.17 %), low K content (0.15 me (100 g)-1), but had a high soil P2O5 concentration (13.7 ppm) to evaluate the best crop management practices under this soil condition. Combination of polyethylene mulch treatments (with and without), fertilizer (with and without), number of irrigation lines (0, 1, and 2 lines), and methods of fertilizer applications (preplant, split, and drip) were arranged in a Randomized Completely Block Design with four replications. The results showed that the use of mulch and fertilizer signifi cantly increased yield of all crops. One line irrigation system also resulted in the best yield. Preplanting application of 100% P, 50% N and K in addition to 50% N and K applied 10 times weekly was the best methods to produce Eggplant, Yard Long Bean, Kangkong under polyethylene mulched and drip irrigation system.

Keywords: Solanum melongena L, fertilization, fertigation, Ipomoea reptans L, micro-irrigation, polyethylene-mulched, Vigna unguilata L.

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Pengembangan Bawang Merah

Pengembangan Bawang Merah Nasional dalam Upaya Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan untuk Antisipasi Perubahan Iklim dalam Upaya Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan untuk Antisipasi Perubahan Iklim

Pengembangan teknologi budidaya bawang merah yang adaptif terhadap perubahan iklim global menggunakan metode pengembangan teknologi budidaya, optimasi pemupukan kalium pada bawang merah di tanah latosol Tajur, dan pemanfaatan residu P dan K pada tanah-tanah pertanian intensif. Pengembangan teknologi pengendalian hama dan penyakit terpadu biointensif bawang merah menghadapi perubahan iklim global menggunakan metode deteksi dan eliminasi virus pada umbi bawang merah. Sample yang digunakan sebanyak 12 varietas bawang merah diperoleh dari Cirebon, Brebes, Majalengka, Kuningan, dan Bandung.

Pengembangan teknologi penyimpanan jangka panjang bawang merah segar pada suhu rendah untuk mengantisipasi fluktuasi produksi sebagai akibat dari perubahan iklim menggunakan metode pengaruh pemberian aliran udara terhadap daya simpan benih umbi bawang merah dan pengaruh penyimpanan suhu rendah benih bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) terhadap pertumbuhan benih. Ukuran umbi dan penyimpanan pada suhu rendah memberikan pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan bawang merah yang ditunjukkan dengan perbedaan daya tumbuh, tinggi, jumlah daun, dan persentase berbunga. Pemodelan teknologi produksi yang telah berhasil dilakukan yaitu pembuatan bubuk, pasta, dan minyak bawang merah. Pengolahan bawang merah tersebut dapat mempertahankan mutu bawang merah dalam jangka waktu yang lebih lama. Bubuk dan pasta bawang merah biasanya digunakan sebagai bumbu dasar masakan. Pasta bawang merah adalah produk olahan dari bawang merah dengan bentuk plastis seperti margarin atau mentega. Minyak bawang merah merupakan sejenis bumbu instant yang dapat digunakan pada mie instant, bubur ayam, dan makanan lainnya. Uraian pengembangan sentra produksi bawang merah di Indonesia melalui pemberdayaan petani dan diversifikasi sentra produksi umbi bawang merah konsumsi dan bibit diawali dengan mendeskripsikan kondisi produksi bawang merah secara nasional di Indonesia, dan 10 provinsi serta 10 kabupaten.

bawang

Koleksi dan karekaterisasi bawang merah

bawang merah

Pengembangan benih TSS

Selection and Characterization of Endophytic Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents of Tomato Bacterial Wilt Disease

Abstract. Biological control of bacterial wilt pathogen (Ralstonia solanacearum) of tomato using endophytic bacteria is one of the alternative control methods to support sustainable agriculture. This study was conducted to select and characterize endophytic bacteria isolated from healthy tomato stems and to test their ability to promote plant growth and suppress bacterial wilt disease. Among 49 isolates successfully isolated, 41 were non-plant pathogenic. Green house test on six selected isolates based on antagonistic effect on R. solanacearum or ability to suppress R. solanacearum population in dual culture assays obtained BC4 and BL10 isolates as promising biocontrol agents. At six weeks after transplanting, plants treated with BC4 isolate showed significantly lower disease incidence (33%) than that of control (83%). Plants height was not significantly affected by endophytic bacterial treatments. Based on 16S rRNA sequence, BC4 isolate had 97% similarity with Staphylococcus epidermidis (accession number EU834240.1), while isolate BL10 had 98% similarity with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain JK-SD002 (accession number AB547229.1).

Key words: biological control, endophytic bacteria, Ralstonia solanacearum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, tomato

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